Jeffrey Pine Beetle
Dendroctonus jeffreyi
Key Wildlife Value:
The Jeffrey pine beetle creates snags by killing Jeffrey pine trees. Mortality typically occurs as scattered, large individual trees except during outbreaks when small clumps of trees are commonly killed. Jeffrey pine beetles prefer to colonize trees with diameters greater than 30.5 cm (12 in), contributing to the large and giant snag components of stands. Trees killed by D. jeffreyi eventually contribute to levels of down wood when they break or fall over. Jeffrey pine beetle creates canopy gaps in pole-size and larger stands, which increases the structural and sometimes the compositional diversity of stands. Woodpeckers forage on larvae during the fall, winter, and spring.Distribution in Oregon and Washington:
Found in southwestern Oregon.Hosts:
Jeffrey pine.Diagnosis:
Jeffrey pine beetle is the only beetle attacking Jeffrey pine that causes conspicuous masses of pitch, called pitch tubes, to form on the tree bole at points of entry. The appearance and biology of this beetle is nearly identical to that of the mountain pine beetle, except that Jeffrey pine beetle is a little larger and exclusively colonizes Jeffrey pine. Pitch tubes are cream to red-colored and about 13 to 25 mm (1/2 to 1 in) in diameter. They occur randomly on the bole and are not associated with limb junctions or old wounds. They are usually present on attacked trees, however, severely stressed trees may not produce enough pitch for normal tube formation, so positive diagnosis is best achieved by removing a portion of the bark so that egg gallery patterns may be inspected. Orange-red boring dust on the bark and around the bases of trees also provides an external clue to inspect more closely for the presence of Jeffrey pine beetle, although wood borers also produce boring dust. Woodpeckers foraging for D. jeffreyi larvae frequently cause small holes in the bark that expose the sapwood, and flakes of bark at the bases of trees.Egg galleries, which look very much like mountiain pine beetle galleries, are typically straight, 60 cm (24 in) or longer, and run longitudinally up the tree bole. There is often a pronounced “J” shaped crook on the lower end of the gallery. Fresh galleries are packed with frass. Galleries slightly etch the sapwood surface, but are contained mostly in the inner bark. Larval galleries extend outward from the egg galleries, and when development has been completed, they end in oval pupal cells. Larvae are present in the galleries of infested trees during fall and winter. Mature adults are present mostly from spring through fall. They have clubbed antennae, stout bodies that are black with rounded posteriors, and are about 8 mm long.
Jeffrey pine beetle often kills trees in groups. Infested trees usually fade within one year, changing from green to yellow-green to red-brown. Beetle-killed trees usually die with a full complement of foliage.
Life History:
The Jeffrey pine beetle has a one-year life cycle, with four stages of development: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Adults colonize living trees during midsummer, mate and lay eggs. After hatching, larvae feed and develop in the phloem. Larvae and a few adults are present under the bark throughout the winter until the following spring. Pupation occurs in oval pupal cells at the end of larval feeding galleries during late spring, and the next generation of adults emerges in midsummer to colonize new trees. Most trees are killed by beetles of a single generation. Adult beetles carry with them the spores of blue-staining fungi both on their bodies and in special structures on their heads called mycangia. The stain fungi are introduced into the sapwood as the beetles excavate egg galleries, where they aid the beetles in overcoming the tree by interrupting the flow of pitch and the flow of water to the crown.Important habitats and outbreak dynamics:
When population levels are low, Jeffrey pine beetle, like the western pine beetle, breeds in large (30.5 cm, or 12 in, and larger), scattered individual trees that are growing very slowly, and in trees damaged by lightning, wind, fire, other insects, or disease. Jeffrey pine beetles normally do not reproduce in freshly cut trees, but will breed in recently windthrown trees. D. jeffreyi frequently occurs in association with the California flatheaded borer (Melanophila californica), pine engraver (Ips pini), and emarginate ips (Ips emarginatus).During outbreaks, D. jeffreyi tends to kill trees in relatively small groups, and attacks apparently healthy trees with diameters as small as 20 cm (8 in), causing mortality in pole size stands as well as mature stands. Groups of trees killed in pole size stands during outbreaks may number up to 30 trees. In California, there is some observational evidence that Jeffrey pine beetle infestation centers tend to expand outward from one year to the next as the beetles infest a series of neighboring trees.
In southwestern Oregon, Jeffrey pine trees generally are found growing in open stands on ultramafic, or serpentine, soils. In this area, Jeffrey pine beetle activity is most commonly associated with fires, heavy dwarf mistletoe infections, and very dry years.
Opportunities for Manipulation to Increase Wildlife Habitat:
Few opportunities exist to manipulate Jeffrey pine beetle to increase wildlife habitat.Potential Adverse Effects:
Structural diversity may be decreased when Jeffrey pine beetle selectively kills very large Jeffrey pine trees. In mixed conifer stands containing Jeffrey pine legacy trees, tree species diversity also may be reduced. Legacy pines representing important and relatively rare structure that would take centuries to replace may be removed from dense stands in a relatively short period by Jeffrey pine beetle activity. Jeffrey pine beetle-caused mortality may cause detrimental effects to aesthetic values and public safety on recreational and other developed sites.How to Minimize the Risk of Adverse Effects:
Adverse effects are most effectively minimized by encouraging optimal growing conditions for host stands through the use of stocking level regulation (of both tree and shrub competition) and by managing for moderate or lower levels of dwarf mistletoe infection. Prescribed burning might be an appropriate management tool for regulating stocking in Jeffrey pine stands. In areas where annual expansion of Jeffrey pine beetle infestation centers is observed, some benefit might be achieved by removing currently infested trees.Thinning around individual legacy trees to promote tree vigor could minimize the risk of Jeffrey pine beetle attack. These spot treatments would involve removal of all shrubs and trees beneath the canopy of the legacy tree to a prescribed distance beyond the dripline.
References
Furniss, R.L., and V.M. Carolin. 1977. Western forest insects. USDA Forest Service. Misc. Publ. 1339. 654 pp.Goheen, E.M., and E.A. Willhite. In prep. Field guide to the common diseases and insect pests of Oregon and Washington conifers. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Forest Health Protection.
Smith, R.H. 1971. Jeffrey pine beetle. USDA Forest Service, Forest Pest Leaflet 11. 7 pp.
Website links
Jeffrey pine beetle links, An Online Catalog of Western Forest Insects and Diseasesnot yet available: Field Guide to the Common Diseases and Insect Pests of Oregon and Washington Conifers